结构助词“的、地、得”

Structural particles “的、地、得”

(1) Used between the attributive modifier and the central word, “的” is the indicator of an attributive.

A: “的” is used after a noun to indicate the ownership of the central word. For example:
爸爸的西服
图书馆的书
If the attributive noun is used to indicate the attribute of the word, “的” is usually omitted. For example:
中国人
语言学院
英语词典

B：when used after a personal pronoun, “的” generally denotes that person’s ownership of the central word. For example,
他的车
大家的看法
If the central word denotes a family member, a relative, or a place where one works, then “的”is often omitted. For example,
她妈妈
我们学院

C：when a disyllabic adjective, an adjective phrase, or an adjective with reduplicated words is used as the attributive modifier, “的” is generally employed. For example:
年轻的姑娘
最好的小伙子
很漂亮的围巾
干干净净的宿舍
When the attributive modifier is a monosyllabic adjective, then “的” is usually omitted. For example,
男朋友
新汽车
大背包

D：when the attributive modifier is a verb or a verbal phrase,“的” is usually used. For example,
工作的时候
来参观的学生
给妹妹买的礼物
给家里打的电话

F. when a subject-predicate phrase acts as the attributive modifier, then “的” is generally used. For example,
宋华买的蛋糕
她送的花儿
头疼的病人

G, “的” is often employed when the attributive modifier is a prepositional phrase. For example.
对学校的意见
往北的公共汽车
The word order in a multiple—modifier attributive,

Pr + 这/ 那 + Num—MP + A + N+ Central word
                                     词典 
                           汉语      词典 
                       新  汉语      词典 
                 两本  新  汉语      词典 
       那        两本  新  汉语      词典 
我的   那        两本  新  汉语      词典

(2) used between an adverbial modifier and the predicate verb, “地”indicates the presence of an adverbial.
“地” is usually used in descriptive adverbials with the disyllabic adjectives, adjective phrases, and adjectives with reduplicated words. For example,
热情地欢迎
非常努力地工作
认认真真地工作
However, with monosyllabic adjectives as the adverbial, “地” is generally omitted. For example,
慢走
多表演
早回家

（3）used between the predicate verb or adjective, and the complement of state or degree, “得” is the indicator of a complement. For example:
A: V/A + “得” + complement of state
跑得很快
写得很漂亮
高兴得跳了起来
B：V + “得” + complement of state
忙得很
舒服得多
喜欢得很