汉语句子的六种基本成分

The six basic functional components of a Chinese sentence
The basic functional components of a Chinese sentence are the subject, the predicate, the object, the attributive, the adverbial, and the complement.
We have already learned that a noun, a pronoun, or a noun phrase can all function as the subject. In addition, a verbal phrase, an adjectival phrase, or a subject-predicate phrase may also serve as the subject. The predicate is usually composed of a verb, an adjective, a verbal phrase, or an adjectival phrase. A subject—predicate phrase or a nominal phrase can also serve as the predicate. The subject usually precedes the predicated. For example:
这些书都是新的。
他来北京了。
马大为头疼。
白的漂亮。
现在七点四十。
寄航空比海运贵。
贵一点儿没关系。
我们去打球，好吗？

When the context is clear and unambiguous, the subject is often omitted. Sometimes the predicate can also be omitted, for example:
你带照片来了吗？
----（我）带来了。
谁有字典？
----我（有词典）
The object is usually placed after the verb. We have learned that the object is usually composed of a noun, a pronoun, a nominal phrase, or a subject—predicate phrase. For example:
他有哥哥。
我不认识他。
买两张到前门的。
他喜欢吃烤鸭。
我觉得这件太长了。
Some verbs may have two objects. For example:
谁教你汉语？
我问老师一个问题。
The attributive is mainly used to modify a noun and must be placed before the element that it modifies. We have learned that an adjective, an adjectival phrase, a noun, or a pronoun often functions as the attributive. In addition, a verb, a verbal phrase, or a subject—predicate phrase can also serve as the attributive (refer to Lesson 14 in the Workbook for Volume I).
The adverbial is used to modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or a whole sentence. The adverbials that we have already learned are mainly composed of adverbs. In addition, time nouns, prepositional phrases, and adjectives can also be used as adverbials. For example:
他们也都看了这个京剧。
力波一定去。
你今天穿的很漂亮啊！
你从那儿拿一张表来。
你们快走。
The complement is a sentence component placed after a verb or an adjective to give additional information about that verb or adjective. For example:
他来的很早。 (the complement of state)
年轻人（说）英语说得也很流利。
我们进去吧！（the directional complement）
你带照片来了吗？
这儿的书可以借一个月。（the time-measure complement）
他（画）中国画已经画了11年了。
这件红的比那件绿的短两公分。(the complement of quantity)
我觉得这件小一点儿。
这件漂亮极了。(the complement of degree)
这件比那件贵多了。
我听懂了，可是记错了。（the resultative complement）