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助词“了”：肯定事情的完成或实现
particle “了”：confirming the completion or realization of something
In lesson 13, we learned that particle “了” can follow a verb to denote the completion or realization of an action. In this lesson, we see that “了” always appears at the end of a sentence. It emphatically confirms the completion or realization of some event or situation. Compare the sentences in groups A and B:
A B
你去哪儿？ 你去哪儿了？
Where are you going? Where have you been? Or where did you go?
我去商场。 我去商场了。
I am going to the shopping mall. I’ve been to the shopping mall. Or I went to the shopping mall
你买什么? 你买什么了？
What are you gong to buy? What have you bought? Or what did you buy?
我买衣服。 我买衣服了。
I am going to buy some clothes. I’ve bought some clothes. Or I bought some clothes.
In group A, “去商场”and “买衣服”are not completed actions in the past. In group B, however, these two actions are definitely completed or realized.
To negate a sentence with the particle “了”, place the adverb“没（有）”rather than “不” before the verb, and omit “了”from the end of the sentence. To form a V/A- not – V/A question, juxtapose the affirmative form of the verb with its negative (“…没….”) to the end of an affirmative sentence.
V + O + 了
| subject |
predicate |
| Adv |
V |
O |
Pt |
|
我
他
宋华
林娜
她 |
没有 |
换
去
回
去
参观没参观 |
钱
上海。
家
西安
兵马俑？ |
了。
了吗？
了没有？ |
Notes:
(1) When present, the particle “了” always indicates that actions or events have taken place in the past. However, it is not true that “了” is always required to express past events. To narrate a past event (especially several events taking place consecutively ) or to describe a scene at a specific moment, without confirming the realization of the action, we can leave out “了”. For example: 星期六他上午去看电影，下午去参加一个聚会。
(2) If “了” simultaneously follows the verb and stands at the end of the sentence, it then performs both functions mentioned above. For example:
他去了。 “我懂了。 刚才宋华来了。 -----了” expresses the completion and realization of the action and confirms the completion or realization of some event or situation.
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