语音 phonetics
1.韵母 Finals
a o e er i -i(zi) -i(zhi) u
ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong
ia ie iao iou(iu) ian in iang ing iong
ua uo uai uei(ui) uan Uen(un) uang ueng
ü üan ü
2.声母 Initials
b p m f d t n l
g k h
j q x
z c s
zh ch sh r
语音注释 Phonetics explanation
1. 声母和韵母 Initials and finals
汉语的音节绝大多数由声母和韵母组成。音节开头的辅音叫声母，其余部分叫韵母。
A Chinese syllable is usually composed of an initial and a final. The former is consonant that begins the syllable and the latter is the rest of the syllable.
2. 声调 Tones
声调是音节的音高变化。汉语普通话有四个基本声调，分别为第一声（ˉ）﹑第二声（′）﹑ 第三声（ˇ）﹑第四声（‵）。声调不同，意思不一样。
Tones are changes of pitch of syllables. In the standard Chinese there are four basic tones, represented respectively by the following tone-graphs; the first tone （ˉ）, the second tone （′）, the third tone （ˇ）, the forth tone（‵）. When a syllable is pronounced in different tones, it has different meanings.
3. 声调的位置 Tones position
一个音节只有一个元音时，声调符号标在元音上；有两个或两个以上元音时，声调标在主要元音（即响度大的元音）上。例如: mā ﹑hǎo﹑zuò 。元音i 上有声调符号时，要去掉i上的小点儿。如：mì﹑jǐng 。i﹑u 并列时，声调标在后面的字母上。例如：liú﹑guǐ.
When a syllable contains a single vowel only, the tone-mark is places above the vowel sound. When a syllable contains two or more vowels, the tone-mark should be places above the main vowel (the one pronounced more loudly and clearly).e.g. “mā”, “hǎo”, “zuò”. When a tone-mark is placed above the vowel “i”, the dot over it should be omitted. e. g. “mì”, “jǐng” . when“iu”or “ui” comes, the tone-mark should be placed above the terminal vowel, e. g. “liú”, “guǐ”.
4.变调 Tone changes
(1) 两个第三声音节在一起时，前一个要读成第二声。例如：nǐ hǎo→ní hǎo.
A third tone, when immediately followed by another third tone, should be pronounced in the second tone, e.g. nǐ hǎo→ní hǎo.
(2)第三声字在第一二四和大部分轻声前边时，要变成“半三声”。“半三声”就是只读原来第三声的前一半降调。例如：你们nǐmen→nímen.
A third tone, when followed by a first, second or fourth tone, or by majority of the neutral tones, usually becomes a half third tone, that is, the tone that only falls but dose not rise, e.g.“你们nǐmen→nímen.”
（3）“不”的变调 Changes of tones of “不”
“不”在第四声字前或由第四声变来的轻声字前读第二声。例如：bù kèqi→bú kèqi（不客气）。在第一二 三前仍读第四声。
“不”is pronounced in the second tone when it precedes another fourth tone or a neutral tone that is originally a fourth tone, e.g. bù kèqi→bú kèqi（不客气）.But it is pronounced in the fourth tone when it precedes a first, second ot third.
5. 轻声 Neutral tone
普通话里有一些音节在一定条件下失去原调，读得又轻又短，叫轻声。轻声不标调号，例如：xièxie ,bú kèqi.
In standard Chinese pronunciation, there are a number of syllable that lose their original tones and are pronounced soft and short. This is known as the neutral tone which id identified by the absence of a tone mark, e.g. xíe xie ,bú kèqi.
语音练习 Pronunciation drills
朗读下列词语，注意“不”的声调 Read out the following words, playing attention to the tone of “不”
bù tīng 不听 bù suān 不酸
bù xué 不学 bù tián 不甜
bù xiě 不写 bù kǔ 不苦
bú suàn 不算 bú là 不辣
bù gān bú jìng 不干不净 bù wén bú wèn 不闻不问
bù xǐ bù bēi 不喜不怒 bù jiàn bú sàn 不见不散
生词 New word
1. 你 pron. nǐ you
2. 好 adj. hǎo well; good
3. 您 pron. nín you(polite)
4. 你们 pron. nímen you(plural)
5. 老师 n. lǎoshī teacher
6. 谢谢 v. xièxie to thank
7. 不 adv. bù not
8. 客气 adj. kèqi polite; courteous
9. 不客气 adj. bú kèqi Don’t mention it ; you’re welcome
10. 对不起 duìbuqǐ I am sorry
11. 没关系 méi guānxi Don’t mention it
12. 再见 v. zǎijiàn good-bye
13. 请 v. qǐng please
14. 进 v. jìn to enter
15. 坐 v. zuò to sit
16. 听 v. tīng to listen
17. 说 v. shuō to say
18. 读 v. dú to read
19. 写 v. xiě to write
课文 Text
1. A :nǐ hǎo
你 好 。
B :nǐ hǎo
你 好 .
2. A : xiè xie
谢 谢 。
B ：bú kè qi
不 客 气
3. A ：duì bu qǐ
对 不 起
B： méi guān xi
没 关 系
4. A: zǎi jiàn
再 见
B： zǎi jiàn
再 见
5. qǐng jìn
请 进
注释 Note
[ 1 ] 你好。
日常问候语。任何时间﹑任何场合以及任何身份的人都可以使用对方的回答也应该是“你好”。
It is a common greeting. It may be used anywhere, at any time and by anybody. The answer to it from the person addressed to is also “你好”。
[ 2 ] 您
“您”是“你”的敬称。
“您”is a polite expression of “你”。
